Panel fastener

ABSTRACT

This invention provides a captive fastener in which a nut is held to a workpiece by a retainer ring held in a two-piece grommet attached to the workpiece, the retainer ring being flat and split, with its grain perpendicular to a diameter bisecting the split, and its inner and outer edges having alternate elongated recesses to increase the effective ring width without increasing spring force. The stud assembly includes a cage secured to the other workpiece, with side flanges removably and floatingly retaining a housing in which is a stud and spring biased ratchet washer. The notched outer end of the housing is bent over the head of the stud to secure the stud. The ratchet washer has tabs fitting in the housing wall, and ratchet teeth to engage teeth on the end of the nut. A cover fits over the housing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The stressed panel fastener of U.S. Pat. No. 3,192,980 has proved verysuccessful for uses such as the retention of the panels of aircraft.This is a self-locking captive fastener that provides good resistance toshear loads. However, this fastener suffers from the drawback of beingrelatively complex and of expensive machined construction. It is alsomore bulky and heavier than desired. The nut of the fastener of theaforementioned patent is held to one workpiece by a split annularresilient ring that bears against the cylindrical surface of the nut andcan enter a groove near the outer end of the nut when the nut isloosened. In the latter position, the ring prevents withdrawal of thenut from the opening in the workpiece. However, such as exposed retainerring is relatively easily dislodged from the nut so that its function islost. Even more serious, the loose retainer ring can cause considerabledamage such as, for example, when falling into the intake of a jetengine.

In the designs of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,289,726 and 3,765,465, grommets wereadded to receive the outer portions of the retainer ring. However, theproblems were not fully solved because the rings remained vulnerable tobeing dislodged and coming loose. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,289,726 the grommetis exposed on one side of the panel when the fastener is separated. InU.S. Pat. No. 3,765,465 the grommet is secured to the panel, but theretainer ring is positioned within the opening in the panel so that thediameter of the opening must be relatively large. Increasing thedimension of the ring, in width or thickness, in an effort to improveits retention, has the disadvantage of increasing the inward springforce. This makes it difficult to advance the nut and results inexcessive wear on the cadmium plating or other protective coating on thenut. Therefore, prior designs have represented a compromise rather thanbeing fully staisfactory in all respects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an improvement in a captive stressedpanel fastener, overcoming the difficulties of the prior art andresulting in additional advantages. The fastener is adapted to be madelargely of sheet metal, being much more economically fabricated andassembled than prior designs. It is also smaller and of lighter weightthan comparable fasteners of earlier designs.

In the present invention, the fastener includes a nut assembly and astud assembly, the latter being held to the workpiece by means of aslotted cage which permits the nut assembly to be removed and to bereplaced by merely deflecting the flanges of the cage rather than themore complicated procedure of taking out rivets, as in the design ofaforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,192,980. The stud assembly includes ahousing held to the cage by means of tabs which permit limited relativefloating movement of the housing with respect to the cage and hence tothe workpiece. Thus, it is the housing that floats in the presentdesign, rather than the internal components as in the earlier patentedconstruction. The housing has a slotted end part which is bent over theslotted periphery of the head of the stud which securely holds the studto the housing, preventing relative movement of these parts. A ratchetwasher circumscribes the shank of the stud, having diametricallyopposite tabs which extend outwardly into slots in the housing whichhold the ratchet washer against rotational movement while permitting itto move axially a limited distance. The ratchet washer is biased towardthe open end of the housing by a compression spring. A cover over thehousing is held in place by a dimple that projects into one of the slotsfor the ratchet washer.

The nut assembly is held to the other workpiece by means of a grommetwhich holds a retainer ring. The grommet is of two-piece constructionwith one part being bent over the base of the other to define an annularrecess within which the retainer ring is placed. The second part of thegrommet has a straight tubular portion which is flared outwardly to forma flange used in holding the grommet to the workpiece. The grommetpositions the retainer ring adjacent one end of the opening in theworkpiece, rather than within the opening as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,765,465,so that the opening in the workpiece may be made of smaller diameter.The retainer ring is of sheet metal and split, biased inwardly aroundthe cylindrical portion of the nut to enter a retention groove at theend of the nut when the nut is loosened. It is important that the grainof the retention washer be oriented so that it is in a directionperpendicular to a diameter that bisects the space between the ends ofthe washer at the split. This allows the retention washer to expandradially with minimal distortion. The inner and outer circumferentialedges of the washer are provided with spaced recesses, those in theinner edge being intermediate those of the outer edge. The ends of thewasher at the split are at one of the inner recesses so that the innercorners of the ends are recessed within the grommet and do not engagethe nut. This permits expansion of the washer as it rides along thetubular part of the nut with less distortion than in the conventionaldesign. The inner recesses result in less surface contact with the nut,reducing friction and damage to the nut such as from scraping off theprotective cadmium plating. The recessed inner and outer surfaces resultin a greater effective width of the retention washer with no increase inspring force. This means that the washer can be much more securely heldbecause there is a larger effective width of the washer within therecess in the grommet. The retention washer also can be made thickerthan before to give it greater stability without a greater spring force.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the fastener of this invention in thesecured position, with the parts connected by the fastener removed forclarity;

FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the nut portion of thefastener;

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the stud portion of thefastener;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged plan view of the retention washer;

FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view of the fastener attached to theparts to be secured and the fastener loosened;

FIG. 6 is a transverse sectional view taken line 6--6 of FIG. 5; and

FIG. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view similar to that of FIG. 5, butwith the fastener in the mated condition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The fastener includes a nut assembly 10 and stud assembly 11 that areused to attach together members 12 and 13, respectively, such as anaircraft panel and supporting structure.

The nut assembly includes a nut 14, which has a head 16 at one end and athreaded opening 17 extending inwardly from the opposite end. The head16 has a frustoconical undersurface for flush installation and a drivingsocket 18 extends into that end of the nut. On the opposite end, aroundthe entrance to the threaded opening 17, are radially arranged ratchetteeth 19. Inwardly of the teeth 19, and adjacent that end of the nut, isan annular groove 20 in the cylindrical wall 21 of the nut. The groovehas a radial outer end wall 22 and a tapered inner wall 23 that inclinesaway from the base of the groove and the end of the nut. This groove 20,when the fastener is in the separated position of FIG. 5, can receivethe inner part of a resilient retainer ring 24.

The radially outer part of the ring 24 fits within a grommet 25 that is,in turn, secured to the workpiece 12. The grommet 25 is of sheet metal,made up of two pieces 26 and 27. The piece 26 has a part 28 whichoriginally, as the fastener is manufactured, is of straight cylindricalconfiguration, as seen in FIG. 2. From one end of the cylindrical part28 is a radially outwardly extending base 29, from the outer edge ofwhich is an axial jog 30 that connects to a radial peripheral rim 31.The other piece 27 of the grommet 25 is of thinner gauge material andincludes a radial flat ring 32 from the outer edge of which extends acylindrical part 33 which is bent over the rim 31 to form a flange 34that holds the pieces 26 and 27 together. The result is an annulargroove between the base 29 of the part 26 and the flat ring 32 of thepart 27, which receives the outer part of the retainer ring 24.

The retainer ring 24 also is of sheet metal, being a split circularelement, best seen in the enlarged view of FIG. 4. The ring 24 is flat,having its principal surfaces in radial planes. The split in the ringprovides adjacent ends 35 and 36 with a small gap between them. Thegrain of the material of the ring 24 is perpendicular to a diameterwhich bisects the gap between the ends 35 and 36, as indicated by thearrow. This is important in enabling the ring 24 to expand withrelatively little distortion.

The outer circumferential edge 37 of the ring 24 is provided with fourshallow, circumferentially elongated recesses 38, spaced equally aroundthe periphery. The inside circumferential edge 39 of the retainer ring24 includes circumferentially extending recesses 40 which are locatedintermediate the recesses 38. One of the recesses 40 is at the locationof the ends 35 and 36, which means that the inner corners 41 and 42 ofthe ends 35 and 36 are radially outwardly of the inner edge 39 of thering. The combination of the outer recesses 38 and inner recesses 40gives the ring 24 an undulant shape, as viewed in plan. The result is alarge effective width from the outer edge 37 to the inner edge 39, yetthe actual width at the recesses 38 and 40 is much less. The greatereffective width improves the retention of the ring in the grommet, whilethe smaller actual width means that the spring force is not excessive.

The nut assembly 10 is attached to the member 12 by inserting thegrommet 25 into an opening 43 in the member 12, bringing the base 29 ofthe grommet into engagement with the surface 44 of the workpiece at oneend of the opening. The outer end of the cylindrical part 28 of thegrommet then is flared outwardly to form a flange 45 overlying thefrustoconical end portion 46 of the opening in the member 12. The flange46 and the base 29 then serve to hold the grommet to the member 12.

When the nut 14 is inserted into the grommet 25, the retainer ring 24resiliently bears against the nut 14 and holds the nut to the grommetwhile permitting limited axial movement of the nut. In the releasedposition of the fastener shown in FIG. 5, the nut 14 cannot be withdrawnfrom the grommet beyond a point where the inner edge 39 of the retainerring 24 is received within the groove 20 of the nut, preventing the nutfrom being removed from the opening 43. The radial end wall 22 of thegroove will react against the flat surface of the retainer ring 24 toprovide a stop that prevents withdrawal of the nut from the grommet sothat the nut is held to the workpiece. When the nut is advanced axiallyin securing the fastener, the retainer ring rides out of the groove 20along the tapered inner groove wall 23 to slide along the cylindricalouter surface 21 of the nut as the nut is tightened. In the securedposition of FIG. 7, the head 16 of the nut, which cannot pass throughthe grommet 25, bears against the flange 45 of the grommet.

The retainer ring 24 expands with very little distortion by virtue ofits construction. The fact that the ends 35 and 36 are spaced outwardlyaway from the periphery of the nut means that expansion of the ring 24is accomplished without engaging the end corners 41 and 42. The recesses40 and the inner edge 39 of the retainer ring cause the ring to havereduced area contact with the periphery of the nut, which minimizesfrictional resistance and wear on the surface of the nut. Thecombination of the inner and outer edge recesses, together with theorientation of the grain structure of the ring, allow the ring to bemade to a relatively great effective width and to an increased thicknesswithout resulting in a higher spring force than in conventional designs.The ring is securely held within the grommet 25 and possesses adequatestrength to hold the nut securely.

The stud assembly 11 is held to the workpiece 13 by a cage 47 which hasa bottom plate 48 attached to the workpiece 13 by rivets 49 that fitthrough openings 50. Between the rivets there is an enlarged opening 51through the bottom plate 48. Two short side flanges 52 extend upwardlyfrom the bottom plate 48 intermediate the rivet openings 50 and areprovided with slots 53 that receive tabs 54 that project from the flatbase 55 of a housing 56. This holds the housing 56 to the cage 47 andprevents the housing from rotating. The tabs 54 are not as large as theslots 53 and the housing 56 is not as wide as the spacing between theflanges 52 so that the housing is permitted limited floating movementrelative to the cage 47 and hence relative to the workpiece 13. The cage48 is of resilient material so that the side flanges can be deflected.This allows the housing 56 to be removed easily for replacement, whichis advantageous in maintaining the fastener in the event of wear ordamage to the components of the stud assembly.

The housing also includes a tubular portion 57 extending from the base55 to an outer end provided with four notches 58 having flat inner edgesthat fall in a radial plane. The stud 60 of the assembly 11, which isreceived in the tubular portion 57, includes a threaded shank 61 and ahead 62 that has four short, radially outwardly extending lugs 63 aroundits circular periphery 64. At the center of the outer end of the head isa short axially projecting portion 65. The lugs 63 of the stud 60 fitcomplementarily in the notches 58 in the end of the tubular part 57 ofthe housing, with the circumferential edge 64 of the head 62 engagingthe inner wall of the housing. The stud 60 is secured to the housing 56by bending the end of the tubular part 57 of the housing over the outersurface of the head 62. Thus, the portions of the housing endintermediate the notches 58 are bent over to form four retention flanges66. This holds the stud against rotation relative to the housing 56,with its threaded shank 61 extending to the open end of the housing atthe base 55.

Also within the housing 56 is a ratchet washer 68 which circumscribesthe shank 61 of the stud 60. The end of the ratchet washer 68 facing theopen end of the housing 56 is provided with radial teeth 69, comparablein size and number to the teeth 19 on the end of the nut 14. Two tabs 70project radially outwardly at diametrically opposite locations from theperiphery of the ratchet washer 68, and are received in twodiametrically opposite axial slots 71 in the wall of the tubular portion57 of the housing 56. This holds the ratchet washer 68 against rotationrelative to the housing 56 while permitting the ratchet washer limitedaxial movement relative to the housing.

A compression spring 73 bears against the undersurface of the head 62 ofthe stud at one end, and against the inner radial surface of the ratchetwasher 68 at its other end. Consequently, the spring 73 biases theratchet washer toward the open end of the housing 56.

A sheet metal tubular cap 75, having a radial end wall 76 at one end,fits over the housing 56 to complete the stud assembly. This closes offthe housing and protects its internal components. The cap 75 fitscomplementarily over the housing 56 and is held in position by forming adimple 77 that extends into the inner end of one of the axial slots 71in the tubular portion 57 of the housing. Thus, the connection of thecap to the housing is effected very rapidly and easily.

In use of the fastener, when the parts are mated the nut 14 is threadedonto the shank of the stud 61, passing through the opening 78 in theworkpiece 13. As this occurs, the teeth 19 on the end of the nut slideover the teeth 69 on the ratchet washer 68. The force of the compressionspring 73 is overcome as the nut is advanced and the ratchet washer 68becomes pushed inwardly. When the fastener is fully tightened to theposition of FIG. 7, the compression spring 73 maintains the ratchetwasher pressed against the end of the nut 14 so that the teeth 19 and 69remain in interengagement. This prevents loosening of the fastener undervibration as the nut cannot rotate relative to the ratchet washer 58 andthe ratchet washer is held against rotation by the housing 56 which,through the cage 47, is attached to the workpiece 13. Only theapplication of a wrenching force can cause the loosening of thefastener.

The foregoing detailed description is to be clearly understood as givenby way of illustration and example only, the spirit and scope of thisinvention being limited solely by the appended claims.

We claim:
 1. A fastener comprising nut means for attachment to a firstworkpiece, and stud means for attachment to a second workpiece formating with said nut means for holding said first and second workpiecestogether, said stud means includinga housing having a tubular portion,an open end, an end opposite said open end, and a base at said open end,said tubular portion further including a pair of slots, means engagingsaid base for holding said housing to a workpiece with freedom forlimited lateral floating movement while precluding substantial rotationof said housing relative to such a workpiece, a stud having a head atone end and a threaded shank projecting from said head,said stud beingreceived in said housing with said shank extending toward said open endthereof, said housing and said stud having interengaged means forholding said stud in said housing, a washer around said shank,saidwasher and said tubular portion of said shank having interengaged meansfor preventing substantial rotation of said washer relative to saidhousing while permitting limited axial movement of said washer relativeto said housing, said washer having teeth thereon facing said open endof said housing, a compression spring biasing said washer outwardlytoward said open end,said nut means having teeth on the outer endthereof for engagement with said teeth of said washer for providing aresistance to said rotational movement between said nut means and saidwasher, and a cover member,said cover member including an end wall and atubular wall, said end wall being positioned over said opposite end ofsaid housing and said tubular wall receiving said tubular portion ofsaid housing, said tubular wall of said cover member having an inwardlydelected dimple received in one of said slots in said tubular portion ofsaid housing for thereby holding said cover member to said housing.
 2. Afastener comprisingnut means for attachment to a first workpiece, andstud means for attachment to a second workpiece for mating with said nutmeans for holding said first and second workpieces together, said studmeans includinga housing having a tubular portion, an open end, an endopposite said open end, and a base at said open end, means engaging saidbase for holding said housing to a workpiece with freedom for limitedlateral floating movement while precluding substantial rotation of saidhousing relative to such a workpiece, a stud having a head at one endand a threaded shank projecting from said head,said stud being receivedin said housing with said shank extending toward said open end thereof,said housing and said stud having interengaged means for holding saidstud in said housing, a washer around said shank,said washer having tworadially outwardly extending tabs diametrically opposite from eachother, said tubular portion of said housing having two slots thereindiametrically opposite from each other and intermediate the ends thereofreceiving said tabs for thereby permitting said washer limited axialmovement relative to said housing and preventing substantial rotation ofsaid washer relative to said housing, said washer having teeth thereonfacing said open end of said housing, a compression spring biasing saidwasher outwardly toward said open end,said nut means having teeth on theouter end thereof for engagement with said teeth of said washer forproviding a resistance to said rotational movement between said nutmeans and said washer, and a cover member,said cover member including anend wall and a tubular wall, said end wall being positioned over saidopposite end of said housing and said tubular wall receiving saidtubular portion of said housing, said tubular wall of said cover memberhaving an inwardly deflected dimple received in one of said slots insaid tubular portion of said housing for thereby holding said covermember to said housing.
 3. A fastener comprisingnut means for attachmentto a first workpiece, and stud means for attachment to a secondworkpiece for mating with said nut means for holding said first andsecond workpieces together, said stud means includinga housing having atubular portion, an open end, an end opposite said open end, and a flatbase at said open end, said base including two radially outwardlyextending tabs, a basket member attachable to a workpiece and havingopposite upstanding flanges having slots therein receiving saidtabs,said flanges being spaced farther apart than the width of saidhousing and said slots being larger than said tabs whereby said housingis permitted limited floating movement while being precluded fromsubstantial rotation relative to said basket member, said flanges beingof resilient material so as to be deflectable and permit removal andreplacement of said housing, said opposite end of said housing havingaxially extending notches therein having flat inner edges falling in aradial plane, said head of said stud having a circular peripherycomplementarily engaging the inner surface of said tubular portion ofsaid housing, and having a plurality of lugs extending outwardly fromsaid circular periphery, said lugs being received in said notches andengaging said inner edges thereof, said outer end intermediate saidnotches being bent over said head, for thereby holding said stud in saidhousing, and a cover member,said cover member including an end wall anda tubular wall, said end wall being positioned over said opposite end ofsaid housing and said tubular wall complementarily receiving saidtubular portion of said housing, said housing and said cover memberhaving interengaged means for holding said cover member to said housing,a stud having a head at one end and a threaded shank projecting fromsaid head,said stud being received in said housing with said shankextending toward said open end thereof, said housing and said studhaving interengaged means for holding said stud in said housing, awasher around said shank,said washer having teeth thereon facing saidopen end of said housing, said washer having a plurality of radiallyoutwardly extending tabs, said tubular portion of said housing havingslots therein intermediate the ends thereof receiving said tabs forthereby permitting said washer limited axial movement relative to saidhousing and preventing substantial rotation of said washer relative tosaid housing, and a compression spring biasing said washer outwardlytoward said open end,said nut means having teeth on the outer endthereof for engagement with said teeth of said washer for providing aresistance to said rotational movement between said nut means and saidwasher.